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The two-hundred-year-long relationship between the Arab world and United States has been fraught with tension and resentment. What began in the nineteenth century as a favourable exchange of cultural understanding and economic opportunity deteriorated wit
"Flawless . . . [Makdisi] reminds us of the critical declarations of secularism which existed in the history of the Middle East."Robert Fisk, The Independent Today's headlines paint the Middle East as a collection of war-torn countries and e
Focusing on Ottoman Lebanon, Ussama Makdisi shows how sectarianism was a manifestation of modernity that transcended the physical boundaries of a particular country. His study challenges those who have viewed sectarian violence as an Islamic response to w